← All Chapters The Book of 2 Kings · Chapter 17

2 Kings 17: Why Samaria Fell

Samaria falls and Israel is carried into exile, and the writer pauses to explain the long, patient reasons for God's judgment.

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2 Kings 17 (WEB)

1 In the twelfth year of Ahaz king of Judah, Hoshea the son of Elah began to reign in Samaria over Israel for nine years.

2 He did that which was evil in the sight of Yahweh, yet not as the kings of Israel who were before him.

3 Against him came up Shalmaneser king of Assyria; and Hoshea became his servant, and brought him tribute.

4 The king of Assyria found conspiracy in Hoshea; for he had sent messengers to So king of Egypt, and offered no tribute to the king of Assyria, as he had done year by year: therefore the king of Assyria shut him up, and bound him in prison.

5 Then the king of Assyria came up throughout all the land, and went up to Samaria, and besieged it three years.

6 In the ninth year of Hoshea the king of Assyria took Samaria, and carried Israel away to Assyria, and placed them in Halah, and on the Habor, the river of Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes.

7 It was so, because the children of Israel had sinned against Yahweh their God, who brought them up out of the land of Egypt from under the hand of Pharaoh king of Egypt, and had feared other gods,

8 and walked in the statutes of the nations, whom Yahweh cast out from before the children of Israel, and of the kings of Israel, which they made.

9 The children of Israel did secretly things that were not right against Yahweh their God: and they built them high places in all their cities, from the tower of the watchmen to the fortified city;

10 and they set them up pillars and Asherah poles on every high hill, and under every green tree;

11 and there they burnt incense in all the high places, as did the nations whom Yahweh carried away before them; and they worked wicked things to provoke Yahweh to anger;

12 and they served idols, of which Yahweh had said to them, “You shall not do this thing.”

13 Yet Yahweh testified to Israel, and to Judah, by every prophet, and every seer, saying, “Turn from your evil ways, and keep my commandments and my statutes, according to all the law which I commanded your fathers, and which I sent to you by my servants the prophets.”

14 Notwithstanding, they would not listen, but hardened their neck, like the neck of their fathers, who didn’t believe in Yahweh their God.

15 They rejected his statutes, and his covenant that he made with their fathers, and his testimonies which he testified to them; and they followed vanity, and became vain, and followed the nations that were around them, concerning whom Yahweh had commanded them that they should not do like them.

16 They abandoned all the commandments of Yahweh their God, and made them molten images, even two calves, and made an Asherah, and worshiped all the army of the sky, and served Baal.

17 They caused their sons and their daughters to pass through the fire, and used divination and enchantments, and sold themselves to do that which was evil in the sight of Yahweh, to provoke him to anger.

18 Therefore Yahweh was very angry with Israel, and removed them out of his sight: there was none left but the tribe of Judah only.

19 Also Judah didn’t keep the commandments of Yahweh their God, but walked in the statutes of Israel which they made.

20 Yahweh rejected all the seed of Israel, and afflicted them, and delivered them into the hand of raiders, until he had cast them out of his sight.

21 For he tore Israel from the house of David; and they made Jeroboam the son of Nebat king: and Jeroboam drove Israel from following Yahweh, and made them sin a great sin.

22 The children of Israel walked in all the sins of Jeroboam which he did; they didn’t depart from them;

23 until Yahweh removed Israel out of his sight, as he spoke by all his servants the prophets. So Israel was carried away out of their own land to Assyria to this day.

24 The king of Assyria brought men from Babylon, and from Cuthah, and from Avva, and from Hamath and Sepharvaim, and placed them in the cities of Samaria instead of the children of Israel; and they possessed Samaria, and lived in the cities of it.

25 So it was, at the beginning of their dwelling there, that they didn’t fear Yahweh: therefore Yahweh sent lions among them, which killed some of them.

26 Therefore they spoke to the king of Assyria, saying, “The nations which you have carried away, and placed in the cities of Samaria, don’t know the law of the god of the land. Therefore he has sent lions among them, and behold, they kill them, because they don’t know the law of the god of the land.”

27 Then the king of Assyria commanded, saying, “Carry there one of the priests whom you brought from there; and let them go and dwell there, and let him teach them the law of the god of the land.”

28 So one of the priests whom they had carried away from Samaria came and lived in Bethel, and taught them how they should fear Yahweh.

29 However every nation made gods of their own, and put them in the houses of the high places which the Samaritans had made, every nation in their cities in which they lived.

30 The men of Babylon made Succoth Benoth, and the men of Cuth made Nergal, and the men of Hamath made Ashima,

31 and the Avvites made Nibhaz and Tartak; and the Sepharvites burnt their children in the fire to Adrammelech and Anammelech, the gods of Sepharvaim.

32 So they feared Yahweh, and made to them from among themselves priests of the high places, who sacrificed for them in the houses of the high places.

33 They feared Yahweh, and served their own gods, after the ways of the nations from among whom they had been carried away.

34 To this day they do what they did before: they don’t fear Yahweh, neither do they follow their statutes, or their ordinances, or the law or the commandment which Yahweh commanded the children of Jacob, whom he named Israel;

35 with whom Yahweh had made a covenant, and commanded them, saying, “You shall not fear other gods, nor bow yourselves to them, nor serve them, nor sacrifice to them;

36 but you shall fear Yahweh, who brought you up out of the land of Egypt with great power and with an outstretched arm, and you shall bow yourselves to him, and you shall sacrifice to him.

37 The statutes and the ordinances, and the law and the commandment, which he wrote for you, you shall observe to do forever more. You shall not fear other gods.

38 You shall not forget the covenant that I have made with you; neither shall you fear other gods.

39 But you shall fear Yahweh your God; and he will deliver you out of the hand of all your enemies.”

40 However they did not listen, but they did what they did before.

41 So these nations feared Yahweh, and served their engraved images. Their children likewise, and their children’s children, as their fathers did, so they do to this day.

Summary

Hoshea, the last king of Israel, becomes Assyria's vassal but conspires with Egypt and withholds tribute, so Shalmaneser besieges Samaria for three years and finally captures it. Israel is carried away to Assyria and resettled in distant places, ending the northern kingdom. The narrator then halts the story to explain why this catastrophe came: the children of Israel had sinned against the Lord who brought them up out of Egypt, feared other gods, built high places, set up pillars and Asherah poles, burned incense like the nations, and served idols God had forbidden. Though Yahweh testified to them through every prophet and seer, calling them to turn from their evil ways, they would not listen but hardened their necks like their fathers. They rejected his statutes and his covenant, followed worthless things and became worthless, even passing their children through the fire. So the Lord removed them from his sight, and Judah too is warned, for Judah also kept the statutes of Israel. Assyria resettles Samaria with foreign peoples who fear the Lord while still serving their own gods, a divided worship that endures to that day.

Main Characters

  • Hoshea — The last king of Israel, who becomes Assyria's vassal, conspires with Egypt, and is imprisoned as Samaria falls after a three-year siege.
  • Shalmaneser / the king of Assyria — The Assyrian power that besieges and captures Samaria, carries Israel into exile, and resettles the land with peoples from across the empire.
  • The children of Israel — The people whose long history of idolatry, refusal to heed the prophets, and broken covenant brings the judgment of exile upon the northern kingdom.
  • Yahweh (the LORD) — The God who brought Israel out of Egypt and testified through every prophet, patient and just, who finally removes a hardened people from his sight.

Key Verse

2 Kings 17:13 (WEB)

Yet Yahweh testified to Israel, and to Judah, by every prophet, and every seer, saying, “Turn from your evil ways, and keep my commandments and my statutes, according to all the law which I commanded your fathers, and which I sent to you by my servants the prophets.”

Lessons Learned

  • God's judgment, when it finally comes, follows long years of patient warning that went unheeded.
  • Persistent refusal to listen hardens the heart until repentance feels impossible.
  • Following worthless idols makes a people worthless, conformed to what they worship.
  • Half-hearted, mixed worship—fearing the Lord while serving other gods—is not faith but compromise.
  • God warns long before he judges. “Yet Yahweh testified to Israel… by every prophet, and every seer” (2 Kings 17:13, WEB); the exile came only after generations of rejected pleas to repent.
  • A hardened neck refuses grace. “They would not listen, but hardened their neck” (2 Kings 17:14, WEB), choosing stubbornness over the mercy held out to them.
  • We become like what we worship. “They followed vanity, and became vain” (2 Kings 17:15, WEB); idols empty those who serve them.
  • Divided worship is no worship. “They feared Yahweh, and served their own gods” (2 Kings 17:33, WEB); the heart God seeks is undivided.
  1. How does this chapter explain the deeper reasons behind Samaria's fall, beyond Assyrian power?
  2. Why does the writer emphasize that God warned Israel through “every prophet, and every seer”?
  3. What does it mean that the people “followed vanity, and became vain” (17:15)?
  4. Why is the mixed worship of the resettled peoples—fearing the Lord and serving other gods—so dangerous?
  5. Where do you sense a divided heart in your own worship, wanting both God and something else, and how is he calling you back?
  1. Assyria is the instrument, but the chapter insists the true cause is Israel's persistent sin against the God who redeemed them from Egypt (17:7-23). The fall is covenant judgment, the outworking of warnings given for centuries—not mere geopolitics.
  2. The repeated emphasis underscores God's patience and Israel's culpability: there was no shortage of warning, only a refusal to hear (17:13-14). It magnifies grace withheld for so long and removes any excuse, sobering Judah, who is also addressed.
  3. To pursue empty idols is to be shaped by their emptiness; people grow like the gods they serve. The phrase warns that idolatry is not neutral—it deforms the worshiper into something hollow, severed from the living God.
  4. It looks religious but keeps rival gods alongside the Lord, which is exactly the sin that destroyed Israel. God will not share his glory; a worship that hedges its bets honors no one and leaves the heart unchanged.
  5. This is a personal-application question. Gently invite members to name where loyalty is split—comfort, control, status—and to ask God for an undivided heart. As leader, point to the mercy that still calls us to return, and keep the tone hopeful.

Scripture quotations are from the World English Bible (WEB), the King James Version (KJV), and the American Standard Version (ASV), all of which are in the public domain.